Quantum Mechanics

I. Bohr Theory
     A. The electron is a particle that must be in orbital in the atom
II. Quantum Theory
     A. The electron is a cloud of negative charge or a wave function
     B. Orbitals are areas in 3d space where the electrons most probably are
     C. The energy of the electron is in its vibrational modes
     D. Photons sre produced when high energy modes change to lower energy modes

S ORBITALS
-each orbital holds 2 electrons

P ORBITALS
-3 suborbitals
-each  orbital holds 2 electron
-muximum of 6 electrons

D ORBITALS
-5 suborbitals
-each orbital can hold 2 electrons
-maximum of 10 electrons

F ORBITALS
-7 suborbitals
-each orbital can hold 2 electrons
-maximum of 14 electrons


EXAMPLES:
1. How many and what type of electrons does an atom of arsenic have?

electrons= 33

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s³

^{2. How many and what type of electrons does an atom of zirconium have?}

^{electrons= 40}

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s⁶5s²4d²

^{3. How many and what type of electrons does an ion of Magnesium with a charge of 2+ have?}

^electrons=10

1s²2s²2p⁶

^{4. How many and what type of electrons does an atom of neon have?}

^{electrons= 10}

1s²2s²2p⁶

<sup>Magnesium 2+ and neon both have the same electron configuration. This means they are isoelectronic.




-nicole</sup>